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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Knicken</span></h1>
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<p>Unter <b>Knicken</b> versteht man in der <a href="Technische_Mechanik" title="Technische Mechanik">Technischen Mechanik</a> den (plötzlichen) Stabilitätsverlust von <a href="Stab_(Statik)" title="Stab (Statik)">Stäben</a> durch seitliches Ausweichen unter axialer <a href="Druck_(Physik)" title="Druck (Physik)">Druckbeanspruchung</a>. Das Knicken tritt dann ein, wenn der Stab jene Druckspannung erreicht, bei der er sein stabiles <a href="Gleichgewicht_(Systemtheorie)" title="Gleichgewicht (Systemtheorie)">Gleichgewicht</a> verliert. Die in der Praxis immer vorhandenen minimalen Abweichungen von der völlig symmetrischen Belastung und gleichmäßigen Form des Stabs führen bei stärkerer Beanspruchung zunächst zur elastischen <a href="Biegung_(Mechanik)" title="Biegung (Mechanik)">Biegung</a> des Stabs. Ab einer kritischen Beanspruchung gibt der Stab (plötzlich) nach, verformt sich stark. Die kritische Druckbeanspruchung hängt von der <a href="Biegesteifigkeit" class="mw-redirect" title="Biegesteifigkeit">Biegesteifigkeit</a> des Querschnittes und dem <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul" title="Elastizitätsmodul">Elastizitätsmodul</a> (E-Modul) des Materials ab. Die kritische Druckspannung ist bei schlanken Stäben kleiner als die Biege- und Druckfestigkeit des Materials.
</p><p>Während bei sehr gedrungenen Stäben unter einer zu hohen Druck-Belastung das Material nachgibt, versagen Stäbe ab einer gewissen Länge durch Knicken, bevor die höchstzulässige Druckspannung des Materials erreicht ist.
Die Gefahr des Knickens ist abhängig von:
</p>
<ul><li>der Einleitung der Druckkraft (symmetrisch oder einseitig asymmetrisch),</li>
<li>der Lagerung der Enden des Stabs (etwa per <a href="Drehgelenk" class="mw-redirect" title="Drehgelenk">Drehgelenk</a>, verschieblich mit Schub- oder Drehschubgelenk oder fest eingespannt); siehe „Eulersche Knickfälle“</li>
<li>der Geometrie des Stabquerschnitts, aus der sich das <a href="Fl%C3%A4chentr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" title="Flächenträgheitsmoment">Flächenträgheitsmoment</a> ergibt,</li>
<li>dem Elastizitätsmodul des Materials, aus dem der Stab gefertigt ist.</li></ul>
<p>Man unterscheidet
</p>
<ul><li><b>Biegeknicken</b> (seitliches Ausweichen der Stabachse),</li>
<li><b>Drillknicken</b> (Verdrehen des Stabquerschnitts) und</li>
<li><b><a href="Biegedrillknicken" title="Biegedrillknicken">Biegedrillknicken</a></b> (Verdrehen eines Stabquerschnitts bei gleichzeitigem seitlichen Ausweichen).</li></ul>
<p>Dieser Artikel behandelt nur das Knicken eines stabförmigen Bauelements unter Druckkraft. Wenn man Knicken mit einem konstanten E-Modul rechnet, dann gilt diese Berechnung nur für elastisches Verhalten. Ersteres wird im Alltag gewöhnlich als „Knicken“ bezeichnet.
</p>

<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eulersche_Knickfälle_(Biegeknicken)"><span id="Eulersche_Knickf.C3.A4lle_.28Biegeknicken.29"></span>Eulersche Knickfälle (Biegeknicken)</h2></div>


<p>Nach <a href="Leonhard_Euler" title="Leonhard Euler">Leonhard Euler</a>, der das Knicken schlanker Stäbe als erster behandelt hat, sind vier Fälle für das Knicken des elastischen Stabes mit mittig wirkender Druckkraft benannt. Diese vier Eulerfälle sind in der Baupraxis und Maschinentechnik nicht die einzigen, die vorkommen. Es fehlen z.&nbsp;B. die Fälle, wenn der Stab oben vertikal geführt ist, aber seitlich ausweichen kann. Der zusätzlich unten eingespannte Stab ist ein sinnvolles Modell für Säulen in Skelettbauweise und entspricht numerisch dem Eulerfall (2)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Weiter fehlen elastisch gebettete Stäbe (z.&nbsp;B. Pfähle) als auch Drehfedermodelle, die in der Realität praktisch immer vorherrschen, da man i. d. R. weder ideale Einspannungen noch ideale Gelenke herstellen kann.
</p><p>Euler untersuchte das Gleichgewicht der <a href="Spannung_(Mechanik)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spannung (Mechanik)">Spannungen</a> an bereits verformten Stäben, dieser Lösungsansatz war für seine Zeit neu und führte zu umfangreichen Erkenntnissen innerhalb der <a href="Stabilit%C3%A4tstheorie" title="Stabilitätstheorie">Stabilitätstheorie</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Annahmen">Annahmen</h3></div>
<p>Es gelten die <a href="Bernoullische_Annahmen" title="Bernoullische Annahmen">bernoullischen Annahmen</a> in der <a href="Theorie_II._Ordnung" title="Theorie II. Ordnung">Stabtheorie II. Ordnung</a>.
Für Knickstäbe in der X-Z-Ebene mit X der Stabachse gelten folgende Annahmen:
</p>
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<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>N</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>≪<!-- ≪ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|{\frac {N}{G{\tilde {A}}}}\right|\ll 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1bcefcedfc5439916efa4ee0842b8ed1ae0f53b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:10.509ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|{\frac {N}{G{\tilde {A}}}}\right|\ll 1}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N<0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N&lt;0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4e51b410687f2a808230cf8d45a761706144ef0a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.325ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N<0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle u}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>u</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle u}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c3e6bb763d22c20916ed4f0bb6bd49d7470cffd8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle u}" loading="lazy"></span> … der Verschiebung in Längsrichtung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/88b1e0c8e1be5ebe69d18a8010676fa42d7961e6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.664ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w}" loading="lazy"></span> … der Verschiebung in Z-Richtung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a30c89172e5b88edbd45d3e2772c7f5e562e5173.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.083ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon }" loading="lazy"></span> … den Verzerrungskomponenten</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>V</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}" loading="lazy"></span> … der Querkraft bzw. Transversalkraft in Z-Richtung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>N</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}" loading="lazy"></span> … der konstanten Normalkraft in Längsrichtung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EA}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>A</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EA}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43ac72bfb7e6b11e20443146ea114e43eab66fb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.519ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EA}" loading="lazy"></span> … der konstanten Dehnsteifigkeit in Längsrichtung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle EI}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle EI}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/58e63f48a91401023793b5daa056dd4a6732b48e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.947ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle EI}" loading="lazy"></span> … der konstanten Biegesteifigkeit um die Y-Achse</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G{\tilde {A}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>G</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mover>
<mi>A</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">~<!-- ~ --></mo>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G{\tilde {A}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/78df5ae45d38bf3e3539e6adbb669468e1436bb3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.602ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G{\tilde {A}}}" loading="lazy"></span> … der konstanten Schubsteifigkeit in der XZ-Ebene</li></ul>
<p>Daraus folgen die Differentialgleichungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{4}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{4}}}={\frac {\mathcal {N}}{EI}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}w_{\text{tot}}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>4</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tot</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{4}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{4}}}={\frac {\mathcal {N}}{EI}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}w_{\text{tot}}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/1df71956e002c772058eff882e7f2c38890ec960.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:28.339ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{4}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{4}}}={\frac {\mathcal {N}}{EI}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}w_{\text{tot}}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{3}}}={\frac {\mathcal {N}}{EI}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} w_{v}(X)}{\mathrm {d} X}}-{\frac {V}{EI}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>V</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{3}}}={\frac {\mathcal {N}}{EI}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} w_{v}(X)}{\mathrm {d} X}}-{\frac {V}{EI}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28fe608944b9788310f63d39fc397755f8d1660a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:32.604ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{3}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{3}}}={\frac {\mathcal {N}}{EI}}\,{\frac {\mathrm {d} w_{v}(X)}{\mathrm {d} X}}-{\frac {V}{EI}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{2}}}=-{\frac {\mathcal {M_{y}}}{EI}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>X</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">d</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">M</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">y</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{2}}}=-{\frac {\mathcal {M_{y}}}{EI}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ed3a1ff06bc8e3b237572cf0509ea7a566773838.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:19.682ex; height:6.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\mathrm {d} ^{2}w_{F}(X)}{(\mathrm {d} X)^{2}}}=-{\frac {\mathcal {M_{y}}}{EI}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>mit
</p>
<ul><li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{F}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{F}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4006dca0f0586cf2d45fd7413e0ad7900fa12bdb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.127ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{F}}" loading="lazy"></span> … der lastinduzierten Verformung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0cadc4f4c847ce129a8895ca12a91f58f61d8953.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.694ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> … der Vorverformung</li>
<li><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w_{\text{tot}}=w_{F}+w_{v}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>tot</mtext>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>F</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>w</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>v</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w_{\text{tot}}=w_{F}+w_{v}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e7a8a10bef150935850ee8b1452459ed2229dc76.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:15.758ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w_{\text{tot}}=w_{F}+w_{v}}" loading="lazy"></span> … der Gesammtverformung</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Der_zweite_Eulerfall">Der zweite Eulerfall</h3></div>
<p>Die Eulerschen Knickfälle gelten für Stäbe mit konstantem Querschnitt über die ganze Länge. Für jeden dieser Fälle ermittelte er die kritische Druckkraft, bei deren Überschreiten das Knicken eintritt. Hierzu gibt es unterschiedliche Möglichkeiten der Herleitung.<sup id="cite_ref-AF_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AF-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die folgende Herleitung für den sogenannten Eulerfall (2) hat den Vorteil, besonders anschaulich zu sein.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die ideale Knickdrucklast nach <a href="Theorie_II.Ordnung" class="mw-redirect" title="Theorie II.Ordnung">Theorie II.Ordnung</a> ist unabhängig von der gewählten Vorverformung. Mit dem Biegemoment aus der Druckkraft und dem Ausbiegemaximum <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ef3886c3f161b7f02d23221bfead21a18ffb82ff.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.21ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> kann mit der <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichung</a> der <a href="Biegelinie#Zusammenhang_mit_der_Balkenkrümmung" title="Biegelinie">Elastischen Linie</a> die sich einstellende zusätzliche Ausbiegung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0f05ea928db07c86bb11863e431b8406febd09d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.21ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span> errechnet werden. Diese ergibt ein weiteres zusätzliches Biegemoment und die weitere zusätzliche Ausbiegung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4aa14f274aac6c807aa93264beecd659e410bba9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.21ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{2}}" loading="lazy"></span>. Der Vorgang wiederholt sich unendlich viele Male. Die Gesamt-Ausbiegung ist
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}+\eta _{1}+\eta _{2}+\eta _{3}+\dots {}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}+\eta _{1}+\eta _{2}+\eta _{3}+\dots {}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ba1bbae1c2c4fa259954f11daa5a990eb7faa7c.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:27.579ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}+\eta _{1}+\eta _{2}+\eta _{3}+\dots {}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die jeweils folgende Ausbiegung sei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{i}=\alpha _{i}\cdot \eta _{i-1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{i}=\alpha _{i}\cdot \eta _{i-1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3f67484babd6556c453d37885b0ab762859633dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:13.076ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{i}=\alpha _{i}\cdot \eta _{i-1}}" loading="lazy"></span> &nbsp; (mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i\geq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
<mo>≥<!-- ≥ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i\geq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a40d31039a220c00dcc836babe2c5f6961c689bf.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.063ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i\geq 1}" loading="lazy"></span>) .
</p><p>Damit folgt
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\eta \cdot (1+\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}+\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}\cdot \alpha _{3}+\dots )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>+</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\eta \cdot (1+\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}+\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}\cdot \alpha _{3}+\dots )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d5df5e98b440027ee330f75af7a40290dc49a90.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:44.78ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\eta \cdot (1+\alpha _{1}+\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}+\alpha _{1}\cdot \alpha _{2}\cdot \alpha _{3}+\dots )}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Da die jeweils folgende der vorhergehenden Biegung ähnlich ist (sinusförmig), kann geschrieben werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =\alpha _{1}=\alpha _{2}=\alpha _{3}=\dots {}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mo>…<!-- … --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">

</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =\alpha _{1}=\alpha _{2}=\alpha _{3}=\dots {}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/dffcf32025aadc3ec96d1acb3dba93ae315d242e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:24.617ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =\alpha _{1}=\alpha _{2}=\alpha _{3}=\dots {}}" loading="lazy"></span> ,</dd></dl>
<p>und mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha \leq 1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha \leq 1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/445cb004cd7fa3dcd89b8d4d5ceebb11bb5db8e1.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha \leq 1}" loading="lazy"></span>
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-\alpha }}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-\alpha }}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/898ee875f1f02046b2e30e32834d4880a10ac4fc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:14.483ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta =\eta _{0}\cdot {\frac {1}{1-\alpha }}}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<p>Diese <a href="Geometrische_Reihe" title="Geometrische Reihe">geometrische Reihe</a> konvergiert. Ihr Summenwert ist endlich groß. Mit anderen Worten:
Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha <1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha &lt;1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4769a8dab3c8a2045bc128b9000da5d661f7dab4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha <1}" loading="lazy"></span>, hat die Endausbiegung <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> einen endlichen Wert. Bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03d67a45a44be8b8f15e99b7def2b0cf0aba1717.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}" loading="lazy"></span> knickt der Stab aus.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03d67a45a44be8b8f15e99b7def2b0cf0aba1717.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp; wird <b>Knickbedingung</b> genannt.</dd></dl>
<p>Die kritische Druckkraft <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{k}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{k}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4eb94e88d1b1887f734606180a126abfdca3a17.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.583ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{k}}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. die <b>Eulerkraft</b> errechnet sich wie folgt:
</p><p>Gleichung für angenommene anfängliche Biegelinie:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{0}=a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{0}=a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7f24fdd8b8083bf4efa38ca2019c2639544f0ef0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:16.637ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{0}=a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Differentialgleichung für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{1}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/a0f05ea928db07c86bb11863e431b8406febd09d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:2.21ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}}" loading="lazy"></span>:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle -EI\cdot {\eta _{1}}''=F\cdot \eta _{0}=F\cdot a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
<mo>″</mo>
</msup>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>F</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle -EI\cdot {\eta _{1}}''=F\cdot \eta _{0}=F\cdot a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cd0ba9794cd66056b3ebc387812b0954bed764df.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:36.356ex; height:4.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle -EI\cdot {\eta _{1}}''=F\cdot \eta _{0}=F\cdot a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(mit <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> … <a href="Elastizit%C3%A4tsmodul" title="Elastizitätsmodul">Elastizitätsmodul</a> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle I}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>I</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle I}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/535ea7fc4134a31cbe2251d9d3511374bc41be9f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.172ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle I}" loading="lazy"></span> … axiales <a href="Fl%C3%A4chentr%C3%A4gheitsmoment" title="Flächenträgheitsmoment">Flächenträgheitsmoment</a> des Querschnittes)</dd></dl>
<p>Nach zweimaliger Integration (Randbedingungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{1}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6d6336145f387993cf854bf4c02160610f38f449.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:6.471ex; height:2.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}=0}" loading="lazy"></span>, wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/953917eaf52f2e1baad54c8c9e3d6f9bb3710cdc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.591ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=0}" loading="lazy"></span> bzw. <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x=L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x=L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e5fe40c588800aaab69041986b49a59664cd767a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.011ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x=L}" loading="lazy"></span>) und Einsetzungen:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}={\frac {L^{2}}{\pi ^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {F}{EI}}\cdot a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}={\frac {L^{2}}{\pi ^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {F}{EI}}\cdot \eta _{0}=\alpha _{1}\cdot \eta _{0}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>x</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>0</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta _{1}={\frac {L^{2}}{\pi ^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {F}{EI}}\cdot a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}={\frac {L^{2}}{\pi ^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {F}{EI}}\cdot \eta _{0}=\alpha _{1}\cdot \eta _{0}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/28da4b0408f84f7ea147c5e8343761c039a7da62.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:52.704ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta _{1}={\frac {L^{2}}{\pi ^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {F}{EI}}\cdot a\cdot \sin {\frac {\pi \cdot x}{L}}={\frac {L^{2}}{\pi ^{2}}}\cdot {\frac {F}{EI}}\cdot \eta _{0}=\alpha _{1}\cdot \eta _{0}}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}=\alpha }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>1</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}=\alpha }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0b496728d2806c99fde95be2d1ee0e1fe6123dc9.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:7.128ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha _{1}=\alpha }" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>α<!-- α --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/03d67a45a44be8b8f15e99b7def2b0cf0aba1717.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:5.749ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =1}" loading="lazy"></span>, dann ist die kritische Druckkraft:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{L^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{L^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3121b699642813b6c78262013b8a670c820a8dfe.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.533ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{L^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> .</dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_Eulerfälle_(1)_und_(4)"><span id="Die_Eulerf.C3.A4lle_.281.29_und_.284.29"></span>Die Eulerfälle (1) und (4)</h3></div>
<p>In diesen beiden Eulerfällen sind die sinusförmig angenommenen Biegelinien andere Ausschnitte einer ganzen Sinuslinie (siehe obige Abbildung), weshalb ihre Gleichungen unmittelbar aus der für den Fall (2) folgen:
</p><p>(2): &nbsp;halbe Sinuswellenlänge; Länge &nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;\pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;\pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6ca3ebb3b3c66dece0e46bd1d595cb81da5997c4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.013ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;\pi }" loading="lazy"></span> ,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =1}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>1</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =1}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/73416922785589e358ae2bb10c7633667b4c24a2.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.593ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =1}" loading="lazy"></span> ,<br>
(1): &nbsp;viertel Cosinuswellenlänge; Länge &nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;\pi /2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;\pi /2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/3c60b3aae16841920bfd5f005854dfd9af89e8e0.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.338ex; height:3.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;\pi /2}" loading="lazy"></span> ,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp; <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =2}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =2}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/53ba5ef89ac226f3e0a0d727b26543688c4a28f3.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:5.593ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =2}" loading="lazy"></span> ,<br>
(4): &nbsp;ganze Cosinuswellenlänge; Länge &nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;2\cdot \pi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>L</mi>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-REL">
<mover>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-OP MJX-fixedlimits">
<mo>=</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>∧<!-- ∧ --></mo>
</mrow>
</mover>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thickmathspace"></mspace>
<mn>2</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;2\cdot \pi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8edcae9e59093e29cf13c2905857e5bb51d1f598.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:8.855ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L\;{\stackrel {\wedge }{=}}\;2\cdot \pi }" loading="lazy"></span> ,&nbsp; &nbsp; &nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {1}{2}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {1}{2}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0e095c465b9916949fcdc94207393c4e8d9b4af.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:6.429ex; height:5.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta ={\frac {1}{2}}}" loading="lazy"></span> .
</p><p><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7ed48a5e36207156fb792fa79d29925d2f7901e8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.332ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta }" loading="lazy"></span> &nbsp;wird als <b>Knicklängenbeiwert</b> und &nbsp;<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle L_{k}=\beta \cdot L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle L_{k}=\beta \cdot L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/301c25b6e17dcea7c9337c00df32022c16229770.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:10.364ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle L_{k}=\beta \cdot L}" loading="lazy"></span>&nbsp; als <b>Knicklänge</b> bezeichnet.
</p><p>Die anderen kritischen Druckkräfte sind:
</p>
<dl><dd>(1): <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{4\cdot L^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{4\cdot L^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e868510230a20c37f03d38d1e112454129e5e473.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:13.533ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{4\cdot L^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd>(4): <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {4\cdot \pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{L^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mn>4</mn>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>L</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {4\cdot \pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{L^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/ac6c82578cb7421ffcf75ec89267a11005659a8e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:16.374ex; height:5.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {4\cdot \pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{L^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Der_dritte_Eulerfall">Der dritte Eulerfall</h3></div>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{\beta }}_{3}\right)-{\frac {\pi }{\beta }}_{3}=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>tan</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<msub>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{\beta }}_{3}\right)-{\frac {\pi }{\beta }}_{3}=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f8037ffd7cea9fa803201afdd15de32ddeca2c75.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:20.327ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \tan \left({\frac {\pi }{\beta }}_{3}\right)-{\frac {\pi }{\beta }}_{3}=0}" loading="lazy"></span></dd>
<dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta _{3}\approx 0{,}699156}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>0,699</mn>
<mn>156</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta _{3}\approx 0{,}699156}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/138866fbd38ff550bbc7868bce9268faf386c957.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:14.252ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta _{3}\approx 0{,}699156}" loading="lazy"></span> <sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></dd>
<dd>(3): <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{(\beta \,L)^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>k</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{(\beta \,L)^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6873259f8d224b14d0b1bdd1a7db1bf70b07230b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:13.533ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle F_{k}={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot EI}{(\beta \,L)^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Weitere_Größen"><span id="Weitere_Gr.C3.B6.C3.9Fen"></span>Weitere Größen</h3></div>
<p>Als weitere Größe wird der <b><span id="Schlankheitsgrad"></span>Schlankheitsgrad</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> verwendet:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\beta \cdot L}{i}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>i</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\beta \cdot L}{i}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/23a9e2cb14027205aa9111ce9cd10aa9955bf166.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.838ex; width:9.884ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda ={\frac {\beta \cdot L}{i}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>wobei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle i}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>i</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle i}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/add78d8608ad86e54951b8c8bd6c8d8416533d20.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:0.802ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle i}" loading="lazy"></span> für den <a href="Fl%C3%A4chentr%C3%A4gheitsmoment#Flächenträgheitsradius" title="Flächenträgheitsmoment">Trägheitsradius</a> des Querschnittes steht.
</p><p>Weiterhin ergibt sich die <b>Knickspannung</b> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8df456a23154e7b968fb86229504e264f59e619f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.428ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }}" loading="lazy"></span> unter der Annahme der linearen Elastizität zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot E}{\lambda ^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>E</mi>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot E}{\lambda ^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/067128fedb9d11ab9e093d6b3284b6a5a9efc876.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:12.205ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }={\frac {\pi ^{2}\cdot E}{\lambda ^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Die <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }(\lambda )}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }(\lambda )}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/153e9955879914064fbe14a3f05f15dccd5fe941.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:5.592ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }(\lambda )}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt eine <a href="Hyperbel_(Mathematik)" title="Hyperbel (Mathematik)">Hyperbel</a> zweiten <a href="Polynom" title="Polynom">Grades</a>, die so genannte <b>Euler-Hyperbel</b>. Dividiert durch den Elastizitätsmodul <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle E}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>E</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle E}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/4232c9de2ee3eec0a9c0a19b15ab92daa6223f9b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.776ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle E}" loading="lazy"></span> ergibt sich die <b>Knickdehnung</b>, eine Größe, die nur von der Geometrie (Länge, Querschnittsform und -größe, Lagerung) abhängig ist.
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {k} }={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{\lambda ^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>ε<!-- ε --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {k} }={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{\lambda ^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/cc4114070ed03209c37201c88c680ef185db5811.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.171ex; width:8.528ex; height:6.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \varepsilon _{\mathrm {k} }={\frac {\pi ^{2}}{\lambda ^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tabelle_für_alle_idealen_Basis-Einzelstabbiegeknickfälle_in_2D"><span id="Tabelle_f.C3.BCr_alle_idealen_Basis-Einzelstabbiegeknickf.C3.A4lle_in_2D"></span>Tabelle für alle idealen Basis-Einzelstabbiegeknickfälle in 2D</h3></div>
<table class="wikitable center">
<caption>die 5 idealen Einzelstabbiegeknickfälle
</caption>
<tbody><tr>
<th></th>
<th>Euler-Fall 1</th>
<th>Euler-Fall 2</th>
<th>Euler-Fall 3</th>
<th>Euler-Fall 4</th>
<th>verschiebliche Einspannung
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td>Abbildungen</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Verschiebungs- bzw. Kraftrandbedinung bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d519e9e94f279ea82581dfa70a2444e896e2d860.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.241ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/273ba96b1b675218e97a155baba55ab065473d14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.897ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/273ba96b1b675218e97a155baba55ab065473d14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.897ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/273ba96b1b675218e97a155baba55ab065473d14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.897ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/273ba96b1b675218e97a155baba55ab065473d14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.897ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/273ba96b1b675218e97a155baba55ab065473d14.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:8.897ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Verdrehungs- bzw. Momentenrandbedinung bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d519e9e94f279ea82581dfa70a2444e896e2d860.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.241ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0798cff2ea4234e046031124d4bffb4e319d74e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.367ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/7c332e411aa2011efc819d5319845b75f7bd838d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.23ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0798cff2ea4234e046031124d4bffb4e319d74e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.367ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0798cff2ea4234e046031124d4bffb4e319d74e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.367ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b0798cff2ea4234e046031124d4bffb4e319d74e.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.367ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(0)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Verschiebungs- bzw. Kraftrandbedinung bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0dc66a6a5ccf94aa808a0439c7a51cf35d1c5f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.661ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=L}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}w}{(\partial X)^{3}}}(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}w}{(\partial X)^{3}}}(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9714072bc3f283083f43d96307412bb17cf770f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.651ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}w}{(\partial X)^{3}}}(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2eed9e7a2f40da1f8a915c8f4f607a41f091fae7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.317ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2eed9e7a2f40da1f8a915c8f4f607a41f091fae7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.317ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle w(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>w</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle w(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/2eed9e7a2f40da1f8a915c8f4f607a41f091fae7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:9.317ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle w(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}w}{(\partial X)^{3}}}(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}w}{(\partial X)^{3}}}(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d9714072bc3f283083f43d96307412bb17cf770f.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.651ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{3}w}{(\partial X)^{3}}}(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Verdrehungs- bzw. Momentenrandbedinung bei <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle X=L}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>X</mi>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle X=L}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f0dc66a6a5ccf94aa808a0439c7a51cf35d1c5f7.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:6.661ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle X=L}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f391b525895521a7c752824ae31937acdf154ad8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.651ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f391b525895521a7c752824ae31937acdf154ad8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.651ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f391b525895521a7c752824ae31937acdf154ad8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:14.651ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial ^{2}w}{(\partial X)^{2}}}(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/feb8e55591933d30453864b95d426716d157c81b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.787ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(L)=0}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>w</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mi mathvariant="normal">∂<!-- ∂ --></mi>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mo>=</mo>
<mn>0</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(L)=0}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/feb8e55591933d30453864b95d426716d157c81b.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:11.787ex; height:5.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\partial w}{\partial X}}(L)=0}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \left|{\mathcal {N_{cr}}}\right|}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msub>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">N</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">c</mi>
<mi class="MJX-tex-caligraphic" mathvariant="script">r</mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>|</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \left|{\mathcal {N_{cr}}}\right|}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/0236be102e4784aefb6d86555f391440b7801114.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:4.885ex; height:3.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \left|{\mathcal {N_{cr}}}\right|}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(2\,L)^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(2\,L)^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/68783ee70272325daf4a4ef7db3eb6ddc3bb75dc.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:6.832ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(2\,L)^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(L)^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(L)^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ee6353aaabde1fd0ce46fb4e1f535b4cc561a12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:6.172ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(L)^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(\beta _{3}\,L)^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(\beta _{3}\,L)^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b10b36612d790713a6b12a6beb0b9162fda71f1d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:8.04ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(\beta _{3}\,L)^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{({L}/{2})^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>/</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{({L}/{2})^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c206f1b59131c0817aad393e0ec9bc9e7999f883.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:7.607ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{({L}/{2})^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(L)^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<msup>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mi>E</mi>
<mi>I</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mo stretchy="false">(</mo>
<mi>L</mi>
<msup>
<mo stretchy="false">)</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(L)^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5ee6353aaabde1fd0ce46fb4e1f535b4cc561a12.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.671ex; width:6.172ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {\pi ^{2}EI}{(L)^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Knickfigur</td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{2\,L}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{2\,L}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f1d5d825297a3867b4dfaf5f17f323fa86de8ee5.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.07ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{2\,L}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sin \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{L}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sin \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{L}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/9b70033a32b66e360f743e11fba31e3f402558ca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:10.812ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sin \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{L}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\,\pi }}\,\left\{\sin \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{\beta _{3}\,L}}\right)+{\frac {\pi }{\beta _{3}}}\,\left[1-{\frac {X}{L}}-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{\beta _{3}\,L}}\right)\right]\right\}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mrow>
<mn>2</mn>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>{</mo>
<mrow>
<mi>sin</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<mrow>
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>X</mi>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<msub>
<mi>β<!-- β --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
</mrow>
<mo>}</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\,\pi }}\,\left\{\sin \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{\beta _{3}\,L}}\right)+{\frac {\pi }{\beta _{3}}}\,\left[1-{\frac {X}{L}}-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{\beta _{3}\,L}}\right)\right]\right\}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/5a13aea319010caa359f3398a4da3ce45963cdca.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:50.074ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {1}{2\,\pi }}\,\left\{\sin \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{\beta _{3}\,L}}\right)+{\frac {\pi }{\beta _{3}}}\,\left[1-{\frac {X}{L}}-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{\beta _{3}\,L}}\right)\right]\right\}}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{{\frac {1}{2}}\,L}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mn>1</mn>
<mn>2</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>L</mi>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{{\frac {1}{2}}\,L}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c681d6b3e41cde1fa90c6086af0f475ad477ca9d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:15.331ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{{\frac {1}{2}}\,L}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span></td>
<td><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{L}}\right)}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mn>1</mn>
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mi>cos</mi>
<mo>⁡<!-- ⁡ --></mo>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mrow>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<mi>X</mi>
</mrow>
<mi>L</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{L}}\right)}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/93d7fd1b856a54c7e4200330715eba2061b7da2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:15.07ex; height:6.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1-\cos \left({\frac {\pi \,X}{L}}\right)}" loading="lazy"></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p>Alle weiteren idealen (d.&nbsp;h. ohne (dreh-)Federn) Einzelstabbiegeknickfälle können durch spiegeln und/oder verschieben der Knickfigur der obigen erzeugt werden, ohne dass sich die Knicklast ändert.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nicht_elastisches_Ausknicken_nach_Tetmajer">Nicht elastisches Ausknicken nach Tetmajer</h2></div>

<p>Bei gedrungenen Stäben schließt sich unterhalb eines Grenzschlankheitsgrades ein Bereich des Knickens an, der nicht mehr alleine durch die Elastizität des Materials gekennzeichnet ist.
Für einen <a href="Baustahl" title="Baustahl">Baustahl</a> mit der Bezeichnung S235JR (S235JRG2 – alte Bezeichnung: St37) liegt die Grenze für <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> bei 105. Für andere <a href="Werkstoff" title="Werkstoff">Werkstoffe</a> werden ähnliche Grenzwerte angegeben.
</p><p>Die Grenzschlankheit lässt sich auch berechnen. Sie ergibt sich zu:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {g} }=\pi \cdot {\sqrt {\frac {E}{\sigma _{\mathrm {p} }}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">g</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>π<!-- π --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msqrt>
<mfrac>
<mi>E</mi>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mfrac>
</msqrt>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {g} }=\pi \cdot {\sqrt {\frac {E}{\sigma _{\mathrm {p} }}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d7be520c83790bcef2a03524b1e17887cf541251.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:14.152ex; height:7.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda _{\mathrm {g} }=\pi \cdot {\sqrt {\frac {E}{\sigma _{\mathrm {p} }}}}}" loading="lazy"></span>,</dd></dl>
<p>wenn <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {p} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">p</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {p} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/11931753a2bdc7e911c2913626a18879264436f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -1.005ex; width:2.474ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {p} }}" loading="lazy"></span> die <a href="Streckgrenze" title="Streckgrenze">Proportionalgrenze</a> des Werkstoffes des gedrückten Stabes ist.
</p><p>Unterhalb dieses Grenzschlankheitsgrades sind Gleichungen nach <i><a href="Ludwig_von_Tetmajer" title="Ludwig von Tetmajer">Tetmajer</a></i> gültig. Dies sind <a href="Zahlenwertgleichung" title="Zahlenwertgleichung">Zahlenwertgleichungen</a>, die den Schlankheitsgrad als <a href="Unabh%C3%A4ngige_Variable" class="mw-redirect" title="Unabhängige Variable">unabhängige Variable</a> in der <a href="Funktion_(Mathematik)" title="Funktion (Mathematik)">Funktion</a> haben. Sie haben folgenden Aufbau:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }=a+b\cdot \lambda +c\cdot {\lambda ^{2}},\qquad \left[\sigma _{\mathrm {k} }\right]=\mathrm {N} \,\mathrm {mm} ^{-2}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>a</mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>b</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>+</mo>
<mi>c</mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<msup>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mrow>
<mo>,</mo>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow>
<mo>[</mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>]</mo>
</mrow>
<mo>=</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">N</mi>
</mrow>
<mspace width="thinmathspace"></mspace>
<msup>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">m</mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>−<!-- − --></mo>
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }=a+b\cdot \lambda +c\cdot {\lambda ^{2}},\qquad \left[\sigma _{\mathrm {k} }\right]=\mathrm {N} \,\mathrm {mm} ^{-2}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/bf1ac520ea73f15c8559b809e26a8c71d8de10b4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:42.398ex; height:3.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }=a+b\cdot \lambda +c\cdot {\lambda ^{2}},\qquad \left[\sigma _{\mathrm {k} }\right]=\mathrm {N} \,\mathrm {mm} ^{-2}}" loading="lazy"></span>.</dd></dl>
<p>Die Koeffizienten für die Tetmajer-Gleichung können für die geläufigsten Bauwerkstoffe der folgenden Tabelle entnommen werden:
</p>
<table class="wikitable">
<tbody><tr>
<th>Werkstoff
</th>
<th>Koeffizient a
</th>
<th>Koeffizient b
</th>
<th>Koeffizient c
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Nadelholz" title="Nadelholz">Nadelholz</a>
</td>
<td align="center">29,3
</td>
<td align="center">−0,194
</td>
<td align="center">0,000
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Gusseisen" title="Gusseisen">Gusseisen</a> (Grauguss)
</td>
<td align="center">776,0
</td>
<td align="center">−12,000
</td>
<td align="center">0,053
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Baustahl" title="Baustahl">Baustahl</a> S235JRG2 (St37)
</td>
<td align="center">310,0
</td>
<td align="center">−1,140
</td>
<td align="center">0,000
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Baustahl S355J2G3 (St52)
</td>
<td align="center">335,0
</td>
<td align="center">−0,620
</td>
<td align="center">0,000
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ein-_oder_zweiachsiges_Biegeknicken">Ein- oder zweiachsiges Biegeknicken</h2></div>
<p>Es seien <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle x}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>x</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle x}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/87f9e315fd7e2ba406057a97300593c4802b53e4.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.33ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle x}" loading="lazy"></span> die Stab- bzw. Balkenachse, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \eta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \eta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/e4d701857cf5fbec133eebaf94deadf722537f64.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:1.169ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \eta }" loading="lazy"></span> und <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \zeta }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \zeta }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/d5c3916703cae7938143d38865f78f27faadd4ae.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.095ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \zeta }" loading="lazy"></span> die Hauptträgheitsachsen des (nicht verwundenen) Querschnittes. Dann ist – wenn die Randbedingungen es erlauben – ein Ausweichen der Stabachse
</p>
<ul><li>nur in der xη-Ebene (einachsiges Knicken, im Allgemeinen ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{\zeta }}{s_{\eta }^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{\zeta }}{s_{\eta }^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/6fd6d94ddcebe4181ed086766f2de28963088835.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.838ex; width:2.986ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{\zeta }}{s_{\eta }^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> maßgebend) oder</li>
<li>nur in der xζ-Ebene (einachsiges Knicken, im Allgemeinen ist <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{\eta }}{s_{\zeta }^{2}}}}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>I</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>η<!-- η --></mi>
</mrow>
</msub>
<msubsup>
<mi>s</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi>ζ<!-- ζ --></mi>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msubsup>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{\eta }}{s_{\zeta }^{2}}}}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/99e55197e32c1fea630a11a2f8bf27dcc5055eeb.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -3.338ex; width:2.981ex; height:7.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle {\frac {I_{\eta }}{s_{\zeta }^{2}}}}" loading="lazy"></span> maßgebend) oder</li>
<li>in beiden Ebenen gleichzeitig (zweiachsiges Knicken)</li></ul>
<p>möglich. Letztere Möglichkeit ist insbesondere dann zu berücksichtigen, wenn Knicklasten für das einachsige Knicken in den beiden Ebenen nicht weit auseinanderliegen. Eine getrennte Behandlung der beiden einachsigen Knickvorgänge ist dann nicht möglich, weil Einflüsse nichtlinearen Materialverhaltens eine Kopplung bewirken.
Anzumerken ist, dass für Knicken <a href="Kr%C3%BCmmung" title="Krümmung">Krümmungen</a>&nbsp;(<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \kappa }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>κ<!-- κ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \kappa }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/54ddec2e922c5caea4e47d04feef86e782dc8e6d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.339ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \kappa }" loading="lazy"></span>) (z.&nbsp;B. zufolge Belastung (<a href="Biegemoment" title="Biegemoment">Biegemoment</a>,Temperaturdifferenzen), Vorverformungen (z.&nbsp;B. Vorverdrehungen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \psi }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ψ<!-- ψ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \psi }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/45e5789e5d9c8f7c79744f43ecaaf8ba42a8553a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.513ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \psi }" loading="lazy"></span>, oder Vorverkrümmungen) sowie andere Imperfektionen und Querbelastungen(<span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle M}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>M</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle M}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/f82cade9898ced02fdd08712e5f0c0151758a0dd.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.442ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle M}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle Q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>Q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle Q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/8752c7023b4b3286800fe3238271bbca681219ed.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.838ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle Q}" loading="lazy"></span>, <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle q}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>q</mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle q}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/06809d64fa7c817ffc7e323f85997f783dbdf71d.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:1.07ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle q}" loading="lazy"></span>)) sich maßgeblich auf die Stabilitätsgefährdung auswirken und es deshalb dazu führen kann, dass Träger um die Starke Achse ausknicken (z.&nbsp;B. Sparren eines Dachstuhles).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knicken_unter_axialen_Massenkräften"><span id="Knicken_unter_axialen_Massenkr.C3.A4ften"></span>Knicken unter axialen Massenkräften</h2></div>

<p>Das Knicken unter axialen Massenkräften, z.&nbsp;B. dem <a href="Gewichtskraft" title="Gewichtskraft">Eigengewicht</a> oder bei hoher axialer <a href="Beschleunigung" title="Beschleunigung">Beschleunigung</a> ist ein Stabilitätsfall, der nicht mit den von Euler oder von Tetmajer überlieferten Lösungsansätzen berechnet werden kann. Die kombinatorische Variation der möglichen Lagerungen ergibt sieben verschiedene Knickfälle<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Bei zylindrischen Stäben führen solche Knickprobleme auf <a href="Besselsche_Differentialgleichung" class="mw-redirect" title="Besselsche Differentialgleichung">Besselsche Differentialgleichungen</a>, deren Lösungen mit Hilfe tabellierter Besselfunktionen numerisch bestimmt werden müssen<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>. Ein klassisches Beispiel für dieses Problem sind die <a href="Schornstein" title="Schornstein">Schornsteine</a> großer <a href="Kohlekraftwerk" title="Kohlekraftwerk">Kohlekraftwerke</a>. Die Bestimmung der notwendigen Flächenträgheitsmomente für einen solchen Fall kann mit dem <a href="Verfahren_von_Ritz" class="mw-redirect" title="Verfahren von Ritz">Verfahren von Ritz</a> erfolgen. Heutzutage wird es durch die <a href="Finite-Elemente-Methode" title="Finite-Elemente-Methode">Finite-Elemente-Methode</a> häufig aus der <a href="Statische_Berechnung" title="Statische Berechnung">Praxis</a> verdrängt.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Drillknicken_und_Biegedrillknicken">Drillknicken und Biegedrillknicken</h2></div>
<p>Reines Drillknicken (Verdrillung des Stabes bei unverändert gerader Stabachse) ist im Allgemeinen nicht von praktischem Interesse, weil ein Ausweichen der Stabachse in der Regel bereits bei geringeren Lasten eintritt.
</p>

<p>Dagegen ist die Stabilität eines <a href="Tr%C3%A4ger_(Statik)" title="Träger (Statik)">Trägers</a> unter Umständen auch dann durch Biegedrillknicken gefährdet, wenn keine Druckkräfte vorhanden sind. Das Bild zeigt ein Beispiel, eine ältere Bezeichnung für das Versagen eines biegebelasteten Trägers durch <a href="Biegedrillknicken" title="Biegedrillknicken">Biegedrillknicken</a> ist Kippen.
</p><p>Der Widerstand gegen Biegedrillknicken wird neben den oben angeführten Einflüssen durch die Verdrehsteifigkeit und durch verdrehungsbehindernde Stützung des Balkens beeinflusst.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mathematische_Modelle_des_Knickproblems">Mathematische Modelle des Knickproblems</h2></div>
<p>Die <a href="Differentialgleichung" title="Differentialgleichung">Differentialgleichung</a> des Knickproblems kann durch die Formulierung der <a href="Mechanisches_Gleichgewicht" title="Mechanisches Gleichgewicht">Gleichgewichtsbedingungen</a> am <b>verformten</b> Stab oder Balken gewonnen werden (Theorie II.&nbsp;Ordnung, siehe <a href="Baustatik" title="Baustatik">Baustatik</a>).
</p>

<p>Wird die Differentialgleichung für einen geraden, unbeschränkt elastischen Stab bei mittiger Lasteintragung linearisiert, so führt das mathematisch auf ein <a href="Eigenwertproblem" class="mw-redirect" title="Eigenwertproblem">Eigenwertproblem</a>. Beim ersten Eigenwert verzweigt sich die Lösung der Differentialgleichung, die Grenze der Stabilität ist erreicht (schwarze horizontale Linie). Verzichtet man auf die Linearisierung der Differentialgleichung, dann zeigt sich, dass mit rasch wachsender Verformung noch eine (geringe) Laststeigerung erreicht werden kann (gestrichelte schwarze Linie).
</p><p>Werden die (unvermeidlichen) Imperfektionen (Vorverformungen der Stabachse, Ungleichmäßigkeiten des Werkstoffes, <a href="Eigenspannung" title="Eigenspannung">Eigenspannungen</a>, <a href="Exzentrizit%C3%A4t_(Technik)" title="Exzentrizität (Technik)">Exzentrizität</a> der Lasteintragung) berücksichtigt, dann entsteht eine inhomogene Differentialgleichung (kein Eigenwertproblem). Die Verformungen nehmen schon vor dem Erreichen der Verzweigungslast stark zu. Die Kurve nähert sich –&nbsp;wenn die Differentialgleichung linearisiert wurde&nbsp;– der Verzweigungslast <a href="Asymptote" title="Asymptote">asymptotisch</a> (rote Kurve). Voraussetzung dafür ist, dass der <a href="Werkstoff" title="Werkstoff">Werkstoff</a> im rein elastischen Bereich bleibt und die Stäbe schlank sind.
</p><p>Bei einer Teilplastizierung des Querschnittes bei gedrungenen Stäben unterhalb der Verzweigungslast kann diese nicht erreicht werden (blaue Kurve).
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Knicknachweis_bei_stabilitätsgefährdeten_Stabkonstruktionen_aus_Stahl"><span id="Knicknachweis_bei_stabilit.C3.A4tsgef.C3.A4hrdeten_Stabkonstruktionen_aus_Stahl"></span>Knicknachweis bei stabilitätsgefährdeten Stabkonstruktionen aus Stahl <span id="Knicksicherheitsnachweis"></span></h2></div>
<p>Die seit November 2010 gültige DIN EN 1993-1-1:2010 (Eurocode 3) lässt drei Verfahren zu:
</p>
<ul><li>Berechnung des Gesamtsystems nach Theorie II.&nbsp;Ordnung, wobei die zu berücksichtigenden Imperfektionen durch die Norm vorgegeben sind oder</li>
<li>Teilsysteme des Tragwerks werden mit Vorverkrümmungen und -verdrehungen nach Theorie II. Ordnung nachgewiesen. Außerdem werden der Biegedrillknicknachweis und der Biegeknicknachweis mit dem Ersatzstabverfahren durchgeführt.</li>
<li>Anwendung des „Ersatzstabverfahrens“ für die einzelnen Stäbe nach Theorie I. Ordnung. Hier sind die zu berücksichtigenden Imperfektionen implizit im Berechnungsverfahren enthalten.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Das_Omega-Verfahren">Das Omega-Verfahren</h3></div>
<p>Das <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>-Verfahren wurde von der <a href="Deutsche_Reichsbahn_(1920%E2%80%931945)" title="Deutsche Reichsbahn (1920–1945)">Deutschen Reichsbahn</a> für die eigenen Stahlbrücken aus <a href="Baustahl" title="Baustahl">Baustahl</a> entwickelt und war in der <a href="DIN" class="mw-redirect" title="DIN">DIN</a> 4114 festgelegt. Es lieferte einen sehr einfachen Nachweis der Knicksicherheit. In Abhängigkeit vom Schlankheitsgrad <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \lambda }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \lambda }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/b43d0ea3c9c025af1be9128e62a18fa74bedda2a.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.355ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \lambda }" loading="lazy"></span> wurden die Knickzahlen <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span> in zwei Tabellen für die Werkstoffe S235JR+AR (St37) und S355J2+N (St52) aufgetragen. Bei Schlankheitsgraden kleiner als 20 war kein Knicksicherheitsnachweis notwendig; Schlankheitsgrade größer 250 waren unzulässig. Die auch <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>-Zahlen genannten Knickwerte lagen zwischen 1 und 10,55 bei S235JR+AR. Der Sicherheitsnachweis hatte die folgende Form:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }=\omega \cdot {\frac {F_{\mathrm {k} }}{A}}\leq \sigma _{\mathrm {zul} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mo>=</mo>
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>⋅<!-- ⋅ --></mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<msub>
<mi>F</mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">k</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
<mi>A</mi>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }=\omega \cdot {\frac {F_{\mathrm {k} }}{A}}\leq \sigma _{\mathrm {zul} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/c156983b8028980271d124d66495e2cbf6ffd5c6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.005ex; width:18.841ex; height:5.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {k} }=\omega \cdot {\frac {F_{\mathrm {k} }}{A}}\leq \sigma _{\mathrm {zul} }}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Der Wert von <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {zul} }}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<msub>
<mi>σ<!-- σ --></mi>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mi mathvariant="normal">z</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">u</mi>
<mi mathvariant="normal">l</mi>
</mrow>
</mrow>
</msub>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {zul} }}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/07ed29846aa9794131cdc9c2d83a37ff8d9930f6.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:3.661ex; height:2.009ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \sigma _{\mathrm {zul} }}" loading="lazy"></span> entspricht der zulässigen Druckspannung für den entsprechenden Werkstoff im zugehörigen Lastfall. Der große Vorteil des Verfahrens lag in der Tatsache, dass der Knicknachweis auf einen einfachen Spannungsnachweis mit Druckkräften reduziert wurde. In den <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>-Zahlen waren <a href="Sicherheit" title="Sicherheit">Knicksicherheiten</a> von 1,3 bis 1,5 eingearbeitet.
</p><p>Für den Fall, dass keine Tafel der <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>-Zahlen zur Verfügung steht, können für den Werkstoff S235JR+AR (St37) die <span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega }">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega }</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/48eff443f9de7a985bb94ca3bde20813ea737be8.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.446ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega }" loading="lazy"></span>-Zahlen näherungsweise nach der folgenden Formel bestimmt werden:
</p>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega \approx 0{,}99+{\frac {\lambda }{728}}+\left({\frac {\lambda }{153}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\lambda }{143}}\right)^{3}\qquad {\text{für}}\quad 20\leq \lambda <115}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<mn>0</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>99</mn>
<mo>+</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mn>728</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mn>153</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mo>+</mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mn>143</mn>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>3</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mn>20</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>&lt;</mo>
<mn>115</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega \approx 0{,}99+{\frac {\lambda }{728}}+\left({\frac {\lambda }{153}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\lambda }{143}}\right)^{3}\qquad {\text{für}}\quad 20\leq \lambda &lt;115}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/382c1931a4b603e8f59174069ddf4e63c704ea74.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:62.493ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega \approx 0{,}99+{\frac {\lambda }{728}}+\left({\frac {\lambda }{153}}\right)^{2}+\left({\frac {\lambda }{143}}\right)^{3}\qquad {\text{für}}\quad 20\leq \lambda <115}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<dl><dd><span class="mwe-math-element mwe-math-element-inline"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \omega \approx \left({\frac {\lambda }{76{,}95}}\right)^{2}\qquad {\text{für}}\quad 115\leq \lambda \leq 250}">
<semantics>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0">
<mi>ω<!-- ω --></mi>
<mo>≈<!-- ≈ --></mo>
<msup>
<mrow>
<mo>(</mo>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mfrac>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mrow>
<mn>76</mn>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mo>,</mo>
</mrow>
<mn>95</mn>
</mrow>
</mfrac>
</mrow>
<mo>)</mo>
</mrow>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mn>2</mn>
</mrow>
</msup>
<mspace width="2em"></mspace>
<mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD">
<mtext>für</mtext>
</mrow>
<mspace width="1em"></mspace>
<mn>115</mn>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mi>λ<!-- λ --></mi>
<mo>≤<!-- ≤ --></mo>
<mn>250</mn>
</mstyle>
</mrow>
<annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \omega \approx \left({\frac {\lambda }{76{,}95}}\right)^{2}\qquad {\text{für}}\quad 115\leq \lambda \leq 250}</annotation>
</semantics>
</math></span><img src="./_assets_/eb734a37dd21ce173a46342d1cc64c92/89ca97651842f4927365f5229e1d5df0cd733a31.svg" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -2.505ex; width:39.687ex; height:6.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \omega \approx \left({\frac {\lambda }{76{,}95}}\right)^{2}\qquad {\text{für}}\quad 115\leq \lambda \leq 250}" loading="lazy"></span></dd></dl>
<p>Das Verfahren wurde zwischenzeitlich durch andere und genauere Verfahren ersetzt, besitzt aber durch seine Anschaulichkeit noch eine gewisse Bedeutung in der Ausbildung von <a href="Ingenieur" title="Ingenieur">Ingenieuren</a>.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatur">Literatur</h2></div>
<ul><li><a href="Istv%C3%A1n_Szab%C3%B3_(Ingenieur)" title="István Szabó (Ingenieur)">István Szabó</a>: <i>Einführung in die Technische Mechanik.</i> 8. neu bearbeitete Auflage, Springer Verlag Berlin 1975, Nachdruck 2003, ISBN 3-540-44248-0.</li>
<li><a href="Alf_Pfl%C3%BCger" title="Alf Pflüger">Alf Pflüger</a>: <i>Stabilitätsprobleme der Elastostatik.</i> 3. Aufl., Springer Verlag Berlin 1975, ISBN 3-540-06693-4.</li>
<li><a href="Stephen_Timoshenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Stephen Timoshenko">Stephen P. Timoshenko</a>, James M. Gere: <i>Theory of Elastic Stability.</i> McGraw-Hill New York/Toronto/London, 2nd Ed. 1961. Neudruck Dover Publications 2009, ISBN 978-0486-47207-2.</li>
<li>Jürgen Fehlau: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbik.de/assets/files/Seminare/EC3.pdf"><i>Einführung in DIN EN 1993 (EC 3).</i></a></li>
<li><a href="Karl-Eugen_Kurrer" title="Karl-Eugen Kurrer">Karl-Eugen Kurrer</a>: <i>Geschichte der Baustatik. Auf der Suche nach dem Gleichgewicht</i>, Ernst und Sohn, Berlin 2016, S. 519–521 und S. 588–602, ISBN 978-3-433-03134-6.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"></span></span></div><b><span class=""><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Buckling?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Knicken</a></span></b>&nbsp;– Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.losmuchachos.at/holzbau/statikberechnung-von-stuetzen/">Onlineberechnung für Holzstützen nach dem Omega-Verfahren</a></li>
<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.johannes-strommer.com/rechner/knicken-von-staeben-euler/">Onlineberechnung für Knicken von Stäben</a></li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Kunz: <i>Druckbelastungsgrenzen von Stäben geringer Schlankheitsgrade</i>. In: <i>Konstruktion</i> 60(2008)4, S. 94–98.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-AF-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-AF_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <a href="August_F%C3%B6ppl" title="August Föppl">August Föppl</a>: <i>Vorlesungen über Technische Mechanik - dritter Band: Festigkeitslehre</i>, Verlag Oldenbourg, 1944, zehnter Abschnitt</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Fritz_St%C3%BCssi_(Bauingenieur)" title="Fritz Stüssi (Bauingenieur)">Fritz Stüssi</a>: <i>Baustatik I</i>, Birkhäuser, 1971, Seite 324</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wolframalpha.com/input/?i=FindRoot%5B+Tan%5BPi/x%5D+-+Pi/x+%3D%3D+0%2C+%7Bx%2C+0.67%2C+1%7D%2C+WorkingPrecision+-%3E+60%5D"><i>FindRoot[ Tan[Pi/x] - Pi/x==0, {x, 0.67, 1}, WorkingPrecision -&gt; 60].</i></a> In: <i>WolframAlpha.</i><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 12.&nbsp;Juli 2020</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&amp;rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&amp;rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3AKnicken&amp;rft.title=FindRoot%26%2391%3B+Tan%26%2391%3BPi%2Fx%26%2393%3B+-+Pi%2Fx%3D%3D0%2C+%7Bx%2C+0.67%2C+1%7D%2C+WorkingPrecision+-%26%2362%3B+60%26%2393%3B&amp;rft.description=FindRoot%26%2391%3B+Tan%26%2391%3BPi%2Fx%26%2393%3B+-+Pi%2Fx%3D%3D0%2C+%7Bx%2C+0.67%2C+1%7D%2C+WorkingPrecision+-%26%2362%3B+60%26%2393%3B&amp;rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wolframalpha.com%2Finput%2F%3Fi%3DFindRoot%255B%2BTan%255BPi%252Fx%255D%2B-%2BPi%252Fx%2B%253D%253D%2B0%252C%2B%257Bx%252C%2B0.67%252C%2B1%257D%252C%2BWorkingPrecision%2B-%253E%2B60%255D">&nbsp;</span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Johannes Kunz: <i>Knicken unter der Wirkung axialer Massenkräfte</i>. In: <i>Kunststoffe</i> 102(2012)9, S. 86–89.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Friedrich_Adolf_Willers" title="Friedrich Adolf Willers">Friedrich Adolf Willers</a>: <i>Das Knicken schwerer Gestänge.</i> In: <i>Z. angew. Math. Mech.</i> 21(1941)1, S. 43–51.</span>
</li>
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